Cancer, a life-threatening disease, can metastasize from its original location to other parts of the body. The lungs are a frequent site for metastasis, and an oncologist explains the reasons behind this trend.
The Growing Concern of Cancer Metastasis
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide, bringing devastating complications. While treatments offer hope, they often come with their own set of side effects, adding to the burden faced by patients and their families.
Beyond physical pain, fatigue, and daily challenges, cancer patients constantly worry about metastasis. When cancer spreads from one organ to another, it significantly complicates treatment. While metastasis can affect any organ, the lungs are particularly vulnerable.
Why Does Cancer Spread to the Lungs?
According to StatPearls Publishing, the lungs are the second most common site for cancer metastasis, with a 20-54% prevalence among malignant tumors. WebMD states that one-third of people who die from cancer have lung metastases.
Key Reasons Cancer Targets the Lungs
Dr. L. M. Darlong, Head of Thoracic Oncosurgery at Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre (RGCIRC), Delhi, explained that blood from most of the body, including the heart, flows through the lungs, making them a prime target for cancer spread.
Common pathways for lung metastasis include:
- Haematogenous spread (through the bloodstream): Common in cancers of the head and neck, thyroid, adrenals, kidneys, testicles, melanoma, and bones.
- Lymphatic spread: Cancer cells move through the lymphatic system, affecting the lungs in stomach, breast, pancreas, uterus, rectum, and prostate cancers.
- Direct spread to the pleura (lung lining): Cancer can spread via the bloodstream, lymph nodes, or liver metastases, commonly seen in breast, pancreas, and stomach cancers.
Signs Cancer Has Spread to the Lungs
Lung metastasis can be asymptomatic, but some common warning signs include:
✔ Persistent cough (sometimes with blood)
✔ Shortness of breath
✔ Chest pain
✔ Unexplained weight loss
✔ Fatigue
✔ Fluid buildup around the lungs
✔ Hoarse voice and difficulty swallowing
✔ Changes in finger shape (clubbing)
✔ Swelling of the face
Diagnosing and Treating Lung Metastasis
Dr. Darlong emphasizes that early detection is crucial for improving survival rates. CT scans (Computed Tomography) are the primary diagnostic tool, creating detailed internal images using X-rays.
Other methods for diagnosis include:
- Chest X-rays & PET scans
- Physical examination & medical history review
- Biopsy (tissue sample from the lungs) for confirmation
Treatment Approaches
Lung metastasis is typically treated using a combination of therapies, such as:
✅ Chemotherapy – Kills or shrinks cancer cells
✅ Immunotherapy – Boosts the body’s immune response
✅ Targeted therapy – Attacks specific cancer cell mechanisms
✅ Lifestyle changes – Quitting smoking and maintaining a healthy diet
Conclusion
While cancer can spread to any organ, lungs are a common target due to the body’s circulatory system. Although advanced cancer can be life-threatening, early detection and timely treatment significantly improve survival chances. Regular screenings and monitoring persistent symptoms play a crucial role in better health outcomes.
